• Review of fundamental verb tenses: present simple, present continuous, past simple, past continuous.
• Perfect tenses: present perfect simple and continuous, past perfect simple and continuous.
• Future forms: "will," "going to," present simple and continuous for future, future perfect.
• Conditionals: zero, first, second, third, and mixed conditionals.
• Reported speech: reported statements, changes in tenses, reported questions and commands.
• Use of "wish," "if only," "would rather," "it's (high) time."
• Modals of deduction: must, might, could, may, can't (for expressing certainty, possibility, and deduction).
• Relative clauses: defining and non-defining relative clauses.
• Passive voice: all tenses, use of "get" in the passive form.
• Advanced use of articles (the, a, an, zero article).
• Gerunds and infinitives (differences in meaning, structures with "to," "ing").
• Inversion for emphasis (e.g., rarely, never).
• Comparative and superlative forms with advanced structures.

Thematic Vocabulary:

• Travel and holidays.
• Careers and work
• Education and training
• Environment and sustainability
• Health and well-being
• Technology and media
• Culture and society
• Interpersonal relationships
• Politics and current affairs

Expressions and Idioms:

• Use of common idiomatic expressions and phrasal verbs.
• Collocations (standard expressions like "make a decision," "do homework," "take a risk").

• Giving advice and suggestions.
• Expressing opinions and agreeing/disagreeing formally and informally.
• Making hypotheses and deductions.
• Asking for and giving detailed information.
• Negotiating and resolving conflicts.
• Narrating events and telling stories in chronological order.
• Giving and responding to criticism.
• Using persuasive language (to convince, invite, propose).
• Describing feelings and emotions, reacting to complex situations.